Plasma membrane

The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, is the barrier that encloses the cell and protects the intracellular components from the surroundings. The plasma membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer and associated proteins, each constituting about 50% of the total mass of the cell membrane. Example images of proteins localized to the plasma membrane can be seen in Figure 1.

In the Subcellular Section, 2202 genes (11% of all protein-coding human genes) have been shown to encode proteins that localize to the plasma membrane (Figure 2). A Gene Ontology (GO)-based functional enrichment analysis of the plasma membrane proteome shows enrichment of terms for biological processes related to structural organization of the cell, cell signalling and cellular response to extracellular stimuli, transport across the plasma membrane, and cell adhesion. The enriched GO terms for molcular functions are related to these processes, revolving around channel and transporter activity, and binding to proteins associated with the plasma membrane. About 80% of the plasma membrane proteins localize to other cellular compartments in addition to the plasma membrane, with co-localization between the plasma membrane and actin filaments or the cytosol being overrepresented.


EGFR - A-431

CTNNB1 - A-431

EZR - A-431

Figure 1. Examples of proteins localized to the plasma membrane. EGFR is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds to Epidermal Growth Factor (detected in A-431 cells). CTNNB1 plays a key role in regulation of transcription in response to the Wnt signalling pathway, but also in the formation of adherens junctions as a subunit of the cadherin complex (detected in A-431 cells). EZR plays a key role in cell surface structure adhesion, migration and organization (detected in A-431 cells).

  • 11% (2202 proteins) of all human proteins have been experimentally detected in the plasma membrane by the Human Protein Atlas.
  • 790 proteins in the plasma membrane are supported by experimental evidence and out of these 126 proteins are enhanced by the Human Protein Atlas.
  • 1776 proteins in the plasma membrane have multiple locations.
  • 259 proteins in the plasma membrane show a cell to cell variation. Of these 252 show a variation in intensity and 9 a spatial variation.

  • Proteins are mainly involved in endocytosis and cellular response to extracellular stimuli, cell signalling, transport, cell structure and cell adhesion.

Figure 2. 11% of all human protein-coding genes encode proteins localized to the plasma membrane. Each bar is clickable and gives a search result of proteins that belong to the selected category.

The structure of the plasma membrane

Substructures

  • Plasma membrane: 1987
  • Cell Junctions: 331

The plasma membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, in which lipids constitute half and proteins the other half of the total mass in most human cell types. Phospholipids, which are composed of a hydrophilic phosphate group and two hydrophobic fatty-acid chains, make up the fundamental structural element in the plasma membrane (Jacobson K et al. (2019); Kobayashi T et al. (2018),Alberts B et al, 2002b. The inner and outer leaflet of the bilayer is held together by non-covalent interactions between the hydrophobic tails, which point towards each other and away from the hydrophilic faces of the membrane. In addition to phospholipids, the plasma membrane of animal cells contains two other major lipid classes; glycolipids and cholesterol. While cholesterol is usually almost as abundant as phospholipids, glycolipids only constitute about 2% of the lipids of the plasma membrane and are found only in the outer leaflet. The second major component of the plasma membrane is proteins. They can be divided into integral membrane proteins that cross the complete bilayer, peripheral membrane proteins that are anchored into one leaflet of the lipid bilayer, and surface proteins that bind to the polar heads of phospholipids or other membrane proteins. The composition of the plasma membrane is dynamic and adapts to changes in the environment as well as to the cell cycle. At physiological temperatures, the cell membrane is fluid and flexible, while at cooler temperatures, it becomes gel-like.

While the plasma membrane is behaving like a two-dimensional fluid, in which the lipids and proteins are not in fixed positions, it is still organized in different microdomains and specialized regions (Krapf D. (2018); Jacobson K et al. (2019); Kobayashi T et al. (2018)). These include lipid rafts, caveolae, protrusions and cell junctions. Cell junctions (Figure 3) consist of regions with protein complexes that mediate contact or adhesion with neighbouring cells or with the extracellular matrix (Garcia MA et al. (2018)). The major types of cell junctions in vertebrates include gap junctions, tight junctions, and anchoring junctions. The latter includes desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and adherens junctions. Desmosomes mediate cell-cell adhesion through transmembrane linker-proteins called cadherins, which connect to intermediate filaments within the cell and to cadherins on neighbouring cells. Hemi-desmosomes instead contain integrins, which also connect to intermediate filaments in the cytosol, but also to components of the extracellular matrix, instead of neighbouring cells. Adherens junctions can contain cadherins or integrins, but in this case connects to actin filaments in the cytosol.

A selection of proteins suitable to be used as markers for the plasma membrane is listed in Table 1. A list of highly expressed genes encoding proteins that localize to the plasma membrane can be found in Table 2.

Table 1. Selection of proteins suitable as markers for the plasma membrane.

Gene Description Substructure
STX4 Syntaxin 4 Plasma membrane
SLC16A1 Solute carrier family 16 member 1 Cell Junctions
Plasma membrane
EZR Ezrin Plasma membrane
EPB41L3 Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 3 Cell Junctions
Plasma membrane
CTNNB1 Catenin beta 1 Plasma membrane
ANK3 Ankyrin 3 Plasma membrane
SLC41A3 Solute carrier family 41 member 3 Plasma membrane

Table 2. Highly expressed single localizing plasma membrane proteins across different cell lines.

Gene Description Average nTPM
AP2M1 Adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit mu 1 471
MSN Moesin 380
GNB2 G protein subunit beta 2 264
CD9 CD9 molecule 248
SLC38A2 Solute carrier family 38 member 2 243
SLC1A5 Solute carrier family 1 member 5 237
CTNNB1 Catenin beta 1 230
ATP1B3 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3 216
EZR Ezrin 212
HTRA1 HtrA serine peptidase 1 174


CDH17 - CACO-2

GJB6 - RT4

TJP3 - CACO-2

Figure 3. Examples of proteins localized to different types of cell junctions. CDH17 (Cadherin 17) is a membrane-associated glycoprotein. Cadherins are calcium dependent cell adhesion proteins (detected in CACO-2 cells). GJB6 is a gap junction protein through which small materials diffuse into neighboring cells (detected in RT4 cells). TJP3 plays a role in the linkage between the actin cytoskeleton and tight junctions (detected in CACO-2 cells).


Figure 4. 3D-view of the plasma membrane in U-2 OS, visualized by immunofluorescent staining of EZR. The morphology of plasma membrane in human induced stem cells can be seen in the Allen Cell Explorer.

The function of the plasma membrane

The plasma membrane is involved in a variety of cellular processes (Alberts B et al, 2002b). The main function of the plasma membrane is to separate and protect the intracellular environment from the extracellular space. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and selectively regulates the passage and transport of various molecules and compounds in and out of the cell. For small molecules, such as ions, cross-membrane cellular transport can occur by passive osmosis and diffusion, but transport against the concentration gradient requires the help of ion pumps. For larger molecules, like hormones and enzymes, transport occurs by endocytosis, exocytosis or with the help of transmembrane protein transporters or channels. The plasma membrane also provides structural integrity, shape and polarity to cells by anchoring the cytoskeleton and by attaching the cell to the extracellular matrix and to other cells (Orlando K et al. (2009)). These physical connections, as well as the presence of receptors or other factors with a role in signal transduction, are also essential for cell-cell and cell-ECM communication. Moreover, the plasma membrane has a central roles in cellular motility and polarity (Eaton RC et al. (1991)).

A rupture in the plasma membrane leads to the impairment of cell integrity and function, resulting in cell lysis and cell death, unless rapidly repaired. Moreover, mutations in genes encoding proteins that localize to the plasma membrane have been associated with numerous human diseases. For example, mutations in genes encoding channel- and transporter proteins have been linked to various diseases including cystic fibrosis, cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes, skeletal muscle defects, and neurological disorders. Also, disturbances in the composition of membrane lipids and proteins may lead to a variety of diseases related to lipid metabolism (Simons K et al. (2002)).

Gene Ontology (GO)-based functional enrichment analysis of genes encoding proteins localizing to the plasma membrane shows enrichment of terms describing functions that are well in-line with the known functions of the plasma membrane. The most highly enriched terms for the GO domain Biological Process are related to cell adhesion, cell signalling and structural organization of the plasma membrane (Figure 5a). Enrichment analysis of the GO domain Molecular Function gives top hits for terms related to binding to adhesion molecules and receptors, as well as receptor activity and channel activity (Figure 5b).

Figure 5a. Gene Ontology-based enrichment analysis for the plasma membrane proteome showing the significantly enriched terms for the GO domain Biological Process. Each bar is clickable and gives a search result of proteins that belong to the selected category.

Figure 5b. Gene Ontology-based enrichment analysis for the plasma membrane proteome showing the significantly enriched terms for the GO domain Molecular Function. Each bar is clickable and gives a search result of proteins that belong to the selected category.

Plasma membrane proteins with multiple locations

Approximately 81% (n=1776) of the plasma membrane proteins detected in the Subcellular Section also localize to other cellular compartments (Figure 6). The network plot shows that the most common additional locations for proteins that localize to the plasma membrane are the cytosol, nucleoplasm, vesicles and actin filaments. Proteins that localize to both the plasma membrane and to the cytosol are overrepresented, perhaps reflecting that many proteins, such as adaoptor proteins, move between the cytosol and the inner surface of the plasma membrane as part of signalling pathways. There is also an overrepresentation of proteins that localize to the plasma membrane and to actin filaments. Indeed, actin filaments are often concentrated just beneth the plasma membrane and anchored to the plasma membrane through various actin-binding proteins. This close connection between actin filaments and the plasma membrane determines cell shape and is involved in a variety of cell surface activities. Examples of multilocalizing plasma membrane proteins can be seen in Figure 7.

Figure 6. Interactive network plot of the plasma membrane proteins with multiple localizations. The numbers in the connecting nodes show the proteins that are localized to the plasma membrane and to one or more additional locations. Only connecting nodes containing more than one protein and at least 0.5% of proteins in the plasma membrane proteome are shown. The circle sizes are related to the number of proteins. The cyan colored nodes show combinations that are significantly overrepresented, while magenta colored nodes show combinations that are significantly underrepresented as compared to the probability of observing that combination based on the frequency of each annotation and a hypergeometric test (p≤0.05). Note that this calculation is only done for proteins with dual localizations. Each node is clickable and results in a list of all proteins that are found in the connected organelles.


BAIAP2 - U-2 OS

ADD1 - Hep G2

ARHGEF26 - U-251 MG

Figure 7. Examples of multilocalizing proteins in the plasma membrane proteome. BAIAP2 is an adapter protein that links membrane bound G-proteins, which plays a role in signal transduction, to cytoplasmic effector proteins. It has been shown to localize to both the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane (detected in U-2 OS cells). ADD1 is a heterodimeric protein. It binds with high affinity to Calmodulin and is a substrate for protein kinases. It has been shown to localize to both the nucleus and the plasma membrane (detected in Hep-G2 cells). ARHGEF26 is a member of the Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rho-GEF). These proteins regulate Rho GTPases by catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP. GTPases act as molecular switches in intracellular signaling pathways. It has been shown that ARHGEF26 localizes to the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane (detected in U-251 MG cells).

Expression levels of plasma membrane proteins in tissue

Transcriptome analysis and classification of genes into tissue distribution categories (Figure 8) shows that a larger portion of the plasma membrane-associated protein-coding genes are detected in some or in many tissues, while a smaller portion are detected in all tissues, compared to all genes presented in the Subcellular Section. This indicates a more pronounced role for plasma membrane proteins in functions or structures specific to groups of tissues.

Figure 8. Bar plot showing the percentage of genes in different tissue distribution categories for plasma membrane-associated protein-coding genes, compared to all genes in the Subcellular Section. Asterisk marks a statistically significant deviation (p≤0.05) in the number of genes in a category based on a binomial statistical test. Each bar is clickable and gives a search result of proteins that belong to the selected category.

Relevant links and publications

Uhlen M et al., A proposal for validation of antibodies. Nat Methods. (2016)
PubMed: 27595404 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3995

Stadler C et al., Systematic validation of antibody binding and protein subcellular localization using siRNA and confocal microscopy. J Proteomics. (2012)
PubMed: 22361696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.030

Poser I et al., BAC TransgeneOmics: a high-throughput method for exploration of protein function in mammals. Nat Methods. (2008)
PubMed: 18391959 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1199

Skogs M et al., Antibody Validation in Bioimaging Applications Based on Endogenous Expression of Tagged Proteins. J Proteome Res. (2017)
PubMed: 27723985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00821

Parikh K et al., Colonic epithelial cell diversity in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. (2019)
PubMed: 30814735 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0992-y

Menon M et al., Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the human retina identifies cell types associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Commun. (2019)
PubMed: 31653841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12780-8

Wang L et al., Single-cell reconstruction of the adult human heart during heart failure and recovery reveals the cellular landscape underlying cardiac function. Nat Cell Biol. (2020)
PubMed: 31915373 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0446-7

Wang Y et al., Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals differential nutrient absorption functions in human intestine. J Exp Med. (2020)
PubMed: 31753849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191130

Liao J et al., Single-cell RNA sequencing of human kidney. Sci Data. (2020)
PubMed: 31896769 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0351-8

MacParland SA et al., Single cell RNA sequencing of human liver reveals distinct intrahepatic macrophage populations. Nat Commun. (2018)
PubMed: 30348985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06318-7

Vieira Braga FA et al., A cellular census of human lungs identifies novel cell states in health and in asthma. Nat Med. (2019)
PubMed: 31209336 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0468-5

Vento-Tormo R et al., Single-cell reconstruction of the early maternal-fetal interface in humans. Nature. (2018)
PubMed: 30429548 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0698-6

Henry GH et al., A Cellular Anatomy of the Normal Adult Human Prostate and Prostatic Urethra. Cell Rep. (2018)
PubMed: 30566875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.086

Chen J et al., PBMC fixation and processing for Chromium single-cell RNA sequencing. J Transl Med. (2018)
PubMed: 30016977 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1578-4

Guo J et al., The adult human testis transcriptional cell atlas. Cell Res. (2018)
PubMed: 30315278 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0099-2

Qadir MMF et al., Single-cell resolution analysis of the human pancreatic ductal progenitor cell niche. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2020)
PubMed: 32354994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918314117

Solé-Boldo L et al., Single-cell transcriptomes of the human skin reveal age-related loss of fibroblast priming. Commun Biol. (2020)
PubMed: 32327715 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0922-4

Lukassen S et al., SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells. EMBO J. (2020)
PubMed: 32246845 DOI: 10.15252/embj.20105114

Wang W et al., Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Nat Med. (2020)
PubMed: 32929266 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1040-z

De Micheli AJ et al., A reference single-cell transcriptomic atlas of human skeletal muscle tissue reveals bifurcated muscle stem cell populations. Skelet Muscle. (2020)
PubMed: 32624006 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00236-3

Man L et al., Comparison of Human Antral Follicles of Xenograft versus Ovarian Origin Reveals Disparate Molecular Signatures. Cell Rep. (2020)
PubMed: 32783948 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108027

Hildreth AD et al., Single-cell sequencing of human white adipose tissue identifies new cell states in health and obesity. Nat Immunol. (2021)
PubMed: 33907320 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00922-4

He S et al., Single-cell transcriptome profiling of an adult human cell atlas of 15 major organs. Genome Biol. (2020)
PubMed: 33287869 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02210-0

Bhat-Nakshatri P et al., A single-cell atlas of the healthy breast tissues reveals clinically relevant clusters of breast epithelial cells. Cell Rep Med. (2021)
PubMed: 33763657 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100219

Takahashi H et al., 5' end-centered expression profiling using cap-analysis gene expression and next-generation sequencing. Nat Protoc. (2012)
PubMed: 22362160 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.005

Lein ES et al., Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain. Nature. (2007)
PubMed: 17151600 DOI: 10.1038/nature05453

Kircher M et al., Double indexing overcomes inaccuracies in multiplex sequencing on the Illumina platform. Nucleic Acids Res. (2012)
PubMed: 22021376 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr771

Uhlén M et al., The human secretome. Sci Signal. (2019)
PubMed: 31772123 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz0274

Uhlen M et al., A genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of protein-coding genes in human blood cells. Science. (2019)
PubMed: 31857451 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9198

Sjöstedt E et al., An atlas of the protein-coding genes in the human, pig, and mouse brain. Science. (2020)
PubMed: 32139519 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5947

Robinson JL et al., An atlas of human metabolism. Sci Signal. (2020)
PubMed: 32209698 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz1482

Uhlen M et al., A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome. Science. (2017)
PubMed: 28818916 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2507

Hikmet F et al., The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol Syst Biol. (2020)
PubMed: 32715618 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209610

Gordon DE et al., A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature. (2020)
PubMed: 32353859 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9

Karlsson M et al., A single-cell type transcriptomics map of human tissues. Sci Adv. (2021)
PubMed: 34321199 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2169

Pollard TD et al., Actin, a central player in cell shape and movement. Science. (2009)
PubMed: 19965462 DOI: 10.1126/science.1175862

Mitchison TJ et al., Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion. Cell. (1996)
PubMed: 8608590 

Pollard TD et al., Molecular Mechanism of Cytokinesis. Annu Rev Biochem. (2019)
PubMed: 30649923 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012530

dos Remedios CG et al., Actin binding proteins: regulation of cytoskeletal microfilaments. Physiol Rev. (2003)
PubMed: 12663865 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2002

Campellone KG et al., A nucleator arms race: cellular control of actin assembly. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2010)
PubMed: 20237478 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2867

Rottner K et al., Actin assembly mechanisms at a glance. J Cell Sci. (2017)
PubMed: 29032357 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206433

Bird RP., Observation and quantification of aberrant crypts in the murine colon treated with a colon carcinogen: preliminary findings. Cancer Lett. (1987)
PubMed: 3677050 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(87)90157-1

HUXLEY AF et al., Structural changes in muscle during contraction; interference microscopy of living muscle fibres. Nature. (1954)
PubMed: 13165697 

HUXLEY H et al., Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation. Nature. (1954)
PubMed: 13165698 

Svitkina T., The Actin Cytoskeleton and Actin-Based Motility. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2018)
PubMed: 29295889 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018267

Kelpsch DJ et al., Nuclear Actin: From Discovery to Function. Anat Rec (Hoboken). (2018)
PubMed: 30312531 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23959

Malumbres M et al., Cell cycle, CDKs and cancer: a changing paradigm. Nat Rev Cancer. (2009)
PubMed: 19238148 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2602

Massagué J., G1 cell-cycle control and cancer. Nature. (2004)
PubMed: 15549091 DOI: 10.1038/nature03094

Hartwell LH et al., Cell cycle control and cancer. Science. (1994)
PubMed: 7997877 DOI: 10.1126/science.7997877

Barnum KJ et al., Cell cycle regulation by checkpoints. Methods Mol Biol. (2014)
PubMed: 24906307 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0888-2_2

Weinberg RA., The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell. (1995)
PubMed: 7736585 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90385-2

Morgan DO., Principles of CDK regulation. Nature. (1995)
PubMed: 7877684 DOI: 10.1038/374131a0

Teixeira LK et al., Ubiquitin ligases and cell cycle control. Annu Rev Biochem. (2013)
PubMed: 23495935 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060410-105307

King RW et al., How proteolysis drives the cell cycle. Science. (1996)
PubMed: 8939846 DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5293.1652

Cho RJ et al., Transcriptional regulation and function during the human cell cycle. Nat Genet. (2001)
PubMed: 11137997 DOI: 10.1038/83751

Whitfield ML et al., Identification of genes periodically expressed in the human cell cycle and their expression in tumors. Mol Biol Cell. (2002)
PubMed: 12058064 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.02-02-0030.

Boström J et al., Comparative cell cycle transcriptomics reveals synchronization of developmental transcription factor networks in cancer cells. PLoS One. (2017)
PubMed: 29228002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188772

Lane KR et al., Cell cycle-regulated protein abundance changes in synchronously proliferating HeLa cells include regulation of pre-mRNA splicing proteins. PLoS One. (2013)
PubMed: 23520512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058456

Ohta S et al., The protein composition of mitotic chromosomes determined using multiclassifier combinatorial proteomics. Cell. (2010)
PubMed: 20813266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.047

Ly T et al., A proteomic chronology of gene expression through the cell cycle in human myeloid leukemia cells. Elife. (2014)
PubMed: 24596151 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.01630

Pagliuca FW et al., Quantitative proteomics reveals the basis for the biochemical specificity of the cell-cycle machinery. Mol Cell. (2011)
PubMed: 21816347 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.05.031

Ly T et al., Proteomic analysis of the response to cell cycle arrests in human myeloid leukemia cells. Elife. (2015)
PubMed: 25555159 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04534

Mahdessian D et al., Spatiotemporal dissection of the cell cycle with single-cell proteogenomics. Nature. (2021)
PubMed: 33627808 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03232-9

Dueck H et al., Variation is function: Are single cell differences functionally important?: Testing the hypothesis that single cell variation is required for aggregate function. Bioessays. (2016)
PubMed: 26625861 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500124

Snijder B et al., Origins of regulated cell-to-cell variability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2011)
PubMed: 21224886 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3044

Thul PJ et al., A subcellular map of the human proteome. Science. (2017)
PubMed: 28495876 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3321

Cooper S et al., Membrane-elution analysis of content of cyclins A, B1, and E during the unperturbed mammalian cell cycle. Cell Div. (2007)
PubMed: 17892542 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-2-28

Davis PK et al., Biological methods for cell-cycle synchronization of mammalian cells. Biotechniques. (2001)
PubMed: 11414226 DOI: 10.2144/01306rv01

Domenighetti G et al., Effect of information campaign by the mass media on hysterectomy rates. Lancet. (1988)
PubMed: 2904581 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90943-9

Scialdone A et al., Computational assignment of cell-cycle stage from single-cell transcriptome data. Methods. (2015)
PubMed: 26142758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.06.021

Sakaue-Sawano A et al., Visualizing spatiotemporal dynamics of multicellular cell-cycle progression. Cell. (2008)
PubMed: 18267078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.033

Grant GD et al., Identification of cell cycle-regulated genes periodically expressed in U2OS cells and their regulation by FOXM1 and E2F transcription factors. Mol Biol Cell. (2013)
PubMed: 24109597 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E13-05-0264

Semple JW et al., An essential role for Orc6 in DNA replication through maintenance of pre-replicative complexes. EMBO J. (2006)
PubMed: 17053779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601391

Kilfoil ML et al., Stochastic variation: from single cells to superorganisms. HFSP J. (2009)
PubMed: 20514130 DOI: 10.2976/1.3223356

Ansel J et al., Cell-to-cell stochastic variation in gene expression is a complex genetic trait. PLoS Genet. (2008)
PubMed: 18404214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000049

Colman-Lerner A et al., Regulated cell-to-cell variation in a cell-fate decision system. Nature. (2005)
PubMed: 16170311 DOI: 10.1038/nature03998

Liberali P et al., Single-cell and multivariate approaches in genetic perturbation screens. Nat Rev Genet. (2015)
PubMed: 25446316 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3768

Elowitz MB et al., Stochastic gene expression in a single cell. Science. (2002)
PubMed: 12183631 DOI: 10.1126/science.1070919

Kaern M et al., Stochasticity in gene expression: from theories to phenotypes. Nat Rev Genet. (2005)
PubMed: 15883588 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1615

Bianconi E et al., An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol. (2013)
PubMed: 23829164 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878

Malumbres M., Cyclin-dependent kinases. Genome Biol. (2014)
PubMed: 25180339 

Collins K et al., The cell cycle and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1997)
PubMed: 9096291 

Zhivotovsky B et al., Cell cycle and cell death in disease: past, present and future. J Intern Med. (2010)
PubMed: 20964732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02282.x

Cho RJ et al., A genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the mitotic cell cycle. Mol Cell. (1998)
PubMed: 9702192 

Spellman PT et al., Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by microarray hybridization. Mol Biol Cell. (1998)
PubMed: 9843569 

Orlando DA et al., Global control of cell-cycle transcription by coupled CDK and network oscillators. Nature. (2008)
PubMed: 18463633 DOI: 10.1038/nature06955

Rustici G et al., Periodic gene expression program of the fission yeast cell cycle. Nat Genet. (2004)
PubMed: 15195092 DOI: 10.1038/ng1377

Uhlén M et al., Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science (2015)
PubMed: 25613900 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419

Nigg EA et al., The centrosome cycle: Centriole biogenesis, duplication and inherent asymmetries. Nat Cell Biol. (2011)
PubMed: 21968988 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2345

Doxsey S., Re-evaluating centrosome function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2001)
PubMed: 11533726 DOI: 10.1038/35089575

Bornens M., Centrosome composition and microtubule anchoring mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol. (2002)
PubMed: 11792541 

Conduit PT et al., Centrosome function and assembly in animal cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2015)
PubMed: 26373263 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4062

Tollenaere MA et al., Centriolar satellites: key mediators of centrosome functions. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2015)
PubMed: 25173771 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1711-3

Prosser SL et al., Centriolar satellite biogenesis and function in vertebrate cells. J Cell Sci. (2020)
PubMed: 31896603 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239566

Rieder CL et al., The centrosome in vertebrates: more than a microtubule-organizing center. Trends Cell Biol. (2001)
PubMed: 11567874 

Badano JL et al., The centrosome in human genetic disease. Nat Rev Genet. (2005)
PubMed: 15738963 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1557

Clegg JS., Properties and metabolism of the aqueous cytoplasm and its boundaries. Am J Physiol. (1984)
PubMed: 6364846 

Luby-Phelps K., The physical chemistry of cytoplasm and its influence on cell function: an update. Mol Biol Cell. (2013)
PubMed: 23989722 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E12-08-0617

Luby-Phelps K., Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area. Int Rev Cytol. (2000)
PubMed: 10553280 

Ellis RJ., Macromolecular crowding: obvious but underappreciated. Trends Biochem Sci. (2001)
PubMed: 11590012 

Bright GR et al., Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy: temporal and spatial measurements of cytoplasmic pH. J Cell Biol. (1987)
PubMed: 3558476 

Kopito RR., Aggresomes, inclusion bodies and protein aggregation. Trends Cell Biol. (2000)
PubMed: 11121744 

Aizer A et al., Intracellular trafficking and dynamics of P bodies. Prion. (2008)
PubMed: 19242093 

Carcamo WC et al., Molecular cell biology and immunobiology of mammalian rod/ring structures. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. (2014)
PubMed: 24411169 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800097-7.00002-6

Lang F., Mechanisms and significance of cell volume regulation. J Am Coll Nutr. (2007)
PubMed: 17921474 

Becht E et al., Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP. Nat Biotechnol. (2018)
PubMed: 30531897 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4314

Schwarz DS et al., The endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function and response to cellular signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2016)
PubMed: 26433683 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2052-6

Friedman JR et al., The ER in 3D: a multifunctional dynamic membrane network. Trends Cell Biol. (2011)
PubMed: 21900009 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.07.004

Travers KJ et al., Functional and genomic analyses reveal an essential coordination between the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation. Cell. (2000)
PubMed: 10847680 

Roussel BD et al., Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in neurological disease. Lancet Neurol. (2013)
PubMed: 23237905 DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70238-7

Neve EP et al., Cytochrome P450 proteins: retention and distribution from the endoplasmic reticulum. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. (2010)
PubMed: 20047148 

Kulkarni-Gosavi P et al., Form and function of the Golgi apparatus: scaffolds, cytoskeleton and signalling. FEBS Lett. (2019)
PubMed: 31378930 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13567

Short B et al., The Golgi apparatus. Curr Biol. (2000)
PubMed: 10985372 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00644-8

Wei JH et al., Unraveling the Golgi ribbon. Traffic. (2010)
PubMed: 21040294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01114.x

Wilson C et al., The Golgi apparatus: an organelle with multiple complex functions. Biochem J. (2011)
PubMed: 21158737 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20101058

Farquhar MG et al., The Golgi apparatus: 100 years of progress and controversy. Trends Cell Biol. (1998)
PubMed: 9695800 

Brandizzi F et al., Organization of the ER-Golgi interface for membrane traffic control. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2013)
PubMed: 23698585 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3588

Potelle S et al., Golgi post-translational modifications and associated diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis. (2015)
PubMed: 25967285 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9851-7

Yoon TY et al., SNARE complex assembly and disassembly. Curr Biol. (2018)
PubMed: 29689222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.005

Leduc C et al., Intermediate filaments in cell migration and invasion: the unusual suspects. Curr Opin Cell Biol. (2015)
PubMed: 25660489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.01.005

Lowery J et al., Intermediate Filaments Play a Pivotal Role in Regulating Cell Architecture and Function. J Biol Chem. (2015)
PubMed: 25957409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.R115.640359

Robert A et al., Intermediate filament dynamics: What we can see now and why it matters. Bioessays. (2016)
PubMed: 26763143 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500142

Fuchs E et al., Intermediate filaments: structure, dynamics, function, and disease. Annu Rev Biochem. (1994)
PubMed: 7979242 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.002021

Janmey PA et al., Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other filamentous biopolymer networks. J Cell Biol. (1991)
PubMed: 2007620 

Köster S et al., Intermediate filament mechanics in vitro and in the cell: from coiled coils to filaments, fibers and networks. Curr Opin Cell Biol. (2015)
PubMed: 25621895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.01.001

Herrmann H et al., Intermediate filaments: from cell architecture to nanomechanics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2007)
PubMed: 17551517 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2197

Gauster M et al., Keratins in the human trophoblast. Histol Histopathol. (2013)
PubMed: 23450430 DOI: 10.14670/HH-28.817

Ouyang W et al., Analysis of the Human Protein Atlas Image Classification competition. Nat Methods. (2019)
PubMed: 31780840 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0658-6

Janke C., The tubulin code: molecular components, readout mechanisms, and functions. J Cell Biol. (2014)
PubMed: 25135932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406055

Goodson HV et al., Microtubules and Microtubule-Associated Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2018)
PubMed: 29858272 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022608

Wade RH., On and around microtubules: an overview. Mol Biotechnol. (2009)
PubMed: 19565362 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9193-5

Desai A et al., Microtubule polymerization dynamics. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. (1997)
PubMed: 9442869 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.83

Conde C et al., Microtubule assembly, organization and dynamics in axons and dendrites. Nat Rev Neurosci. (2009)
PubMed: 19377501 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2631

Wloga D et al., Post-translational modifications of microtubules. J Cell Sci. (2010)
PubMed: 20930140 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.063727

Schmoranzer J et al., Role of microtubules in fusion of post-Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell. (2003)
PubMed: 12686609 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E02-08-0500

Skop AR et al., Dissection of the mammalian midbody proteome reveals conserved cytokinesis mechanisms. Science. (2004)
PubMed: 15166316 DOI: 10.1126/science.1097931

Waters AM et al., Ciliopathies: an expanding disease spectrum. Pediatr Nephrol. (2011)
PubMed: 21210154 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1731-7

Matamoros AJ et al., Microtubules in health and degenerative disease of the nervous system. Brain Res Bull. (2016)
PubMed: 27365230 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.06.016

Jordan MA et al., Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs. Nat Rev Cancer. (2004)
PubMed: 15057285 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1317

Nunnari J et al., Mitochondria: in sickness and in health. Cell. (2012)
PubMed: 22424226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.035

Friedman JR et al., Mitochondrial form and function. Nature. (2014)
PubMed: 24429632 DOI: 10.1038/nature12985

Calvo SE et al., The mitochondrial proteome and human disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. (2010)
PubMed: 20690818 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141720

McBride HM et al., Mitochondria: more than just a powerhouse. Curr Biol. (2006)
PubMed: 16860735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.054

Schaefer AM et al., The epidemiology of mitochondrial disorders--past, present and future. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2004)
PubMed: 15576042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.09.005

Lange A et al., Classical nuclear localization signals: definition, function, and interaction with importin alpha. J Biol Chem. (2007)
PubMed: 17170104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.R600026200

Ashmarina LI et al., 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase: targeting and processing in peroxisomes and mitochondria. J Lipid Res. (1999)
PubMed: 9869651 

Wang SC et al., Nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor family membrane tyrosine kinase receptors. Clin Cancer Res. (2009)
PubMed: 19861462 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2813

Jeffery CJ., Moonlighting proteins. Trends Biochem Sci. (1999)
PubMed: 10087914 

Jeffery CJ., Why study moonlighting proteins? Front Genet. (2015)
PubMed: 26150826 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00211

Pancholi V., Multifunctional alpha-enolase: its role in diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci. (2001)
PubMed: 11497239 DOI: 10.1007/pl00000910

Chapple CE et al., Extreme multifunctional proteins identified from a human protein interaction network. Nat Commun. (2015)
PubMed: 26054620 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8412

Dechat T et al., Nuclear lamins: major factors in the structural organization and function of the nucleus and chromatin. Genes Dev. (2008)
PubMed: 18381888 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1652708

Gruenbaum Y et al., The nuclear lamina comes of age. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2005)
PubMed: 15688064 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1550

Stuurman N et al., Nuclear lamins: their structure, assembly, and interactions. J Struct Biol. (1998)
PubMed: 9724605 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1998.3987

Paine PL et al., Nuclear envelope permeability. Nature. (1975)
PubMed: 1117994 

Reichelt R et al., Correlation between structure and mass distribution of the nuclear pore complex and of distinct pore complex components. J Cell Biol. (1990)
PubMed: 2324201 

CALLAN HG et al., Experimental studies on amphibian oocyte nuclei. I. Investigation of the structure of the nuclear membrane by means of the electron microscope. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. (1950)
PubMed: 14786306 

WATSON ML., The nuclear envelope; its structure and relation to cytoplasmic membranes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. (1955)
PubMed: 13242591 

BAHR GF et al., The fine structure of the nuclear membrane in the larval salivary gland and midgut of Chironomus. Exp Cell Res. (1954)
PubMed: 13173504 

Terasaki M et al., A new model for nuclear envelope breakdown. Mol Biol Cell. (2001)
PubMed: 11179431 

Dultz E et al., Systematic kinetic analysis of mitotic dis- and reassembly of the nuclear pore in living cells. J Cell Biol. (2008)
PubMed: 18316408 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707026

Salina D et al., Cytoplasmic dynein as a facilitator of nuclear envelope breakdown. Cell. (2002)
PubMed: 11792324 

Beaudouin J et al., Nuclear envelope breakdown proceeds by microtubule-induced tearing of the lamina. Cell. (2002)
PubMed: 11792323 

Gerace L et al., The nuclear envelope lamina is reversibly depolymerized during mitosis. Cell. (1980)
PubMed: 7357605 

Ellenberg J et al., Nuclear membrane dynamics and reassembly in living cells: targeting of an inner nuclear membrane protein in interphase and mitosis. J Cell Biol. (1997)
PubMed: 9298976 

Yang L et al., Integral membrane proteins of the nuclear envelope are dispersed throughout the endoplasmic reticulum during mitosis. J Cell Biol. (1997)
PubMed: 9182656 

Bione S et al., Identification of a novel X-linked gene responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Nat Genet. (1994)
PubMed: 7894480 DOI: 10.1038/ng1294-323

Boisvert FM et al., The multifunctional nucleolus. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2007)
PubMed: 17519961 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2184

Scheer U et al., Structure and function of the nucleolus. Curr Opin Cell Biol. (1999)
PubMed: 10395554 DOI: 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80054-4

Németh A et al., Genome organization in and around the nucleolus. Trends Genet. (2011)
PubMed: 21295884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.01.002

Cuylen S et al., Ki-67 acts as a biological surfactant to disperse mitotic chromosomes. Nature. (2016)
PubMed: 27362226 DOI: 10.1038/nature18610

Stenström L et al., Mapping the nucleolar proteome reveals a spatiotemporal organization related to intrinsic protein disorder. Mol Syst Biol. (2020)
PubMed: 32744794 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209469

Visintin R et al., The nucleolus: the magician's hat for cell cycle tricks. Curr Opin Cell Biol. (2000)
PubMed: 10801456 

Marciniak RA et al., Nucleolar localization of the Werner syndrome protein in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1998)
PubMed: 9618508 

Tamanini F et al., The fragile X-related proteins FXR1P and FXR2P contain a functional nucleolar-targeting signal equivalent to the HIV-1 regulatory proteins. Hum Mol Genet. (2000)
PubMed: 10888599 

Willemsen R et al., Association of FMRP with ribosomal precursor particles in the nucleolus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1996)
PubMed: 8769090 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1126

Isaac C et al., Characterization of the nucleolar gene product, treacle, in Treacher Collins syndrome. Mol Biol Cell. (2000)
PubMed: 10982400 

Drygin D et al., The RNA polymerase I transcription machinery: an emerging target for the treatment of cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. (2010)
PubMed: 20055700 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105844

Spector DL., Macromolecular domains within the cell nucleus. Annu Rev Cell Biol. (1993)
PubMed: 8280462 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cb.09.110193.001405

Lamond AI et al., Structure and function in the nucleus. Science. (1998)
PubMed: 9554838 

SWIFT H., Studies on nuclear fine structure. Brookhaven Symp Biol. (1959)
PubMed: 13836127 

Lamond AI et al., Nuclear speckles: a model for nuclear organelles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. (2003)
PubMed: 12923522 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1172

Thiry M., The interchromatin granules. Histol Histopathol. (1995)
PubMed: 8573995 

Sleeman JE et al., Newly assembled snRNPs associate with coiled bodies before speckles, suggesting a nuclear snRNP maturation pathway. Curr Biol. (1999)
PubMed: 10531003 

Darzacq X et al., Cajal body-specific small nuclear RNAs: a novel class of 2'-O-methylation and pseudouridylation guide RNAs. EMBO J. (2002)
PubMed: 12032087 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2746

Jády BE et al., Modification of Sm small nuclear RNAs occurs in the nucleoplasmic Cajal body following import from the cytoplasm. EMBO J. (2003)
PubMed: 12682020 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg187

Liu Q et al., A novel nuclear structure containing the survival of motor neurons protein. EMBO J. (1996)
PubMed: 8670859 

Lefebvre S et al., Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene. Cell. (1995)
PubMed: 7813012 

Fischer U et al., The SMN-SIP1 complex has an essential role in spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis. Cell. (1997)
PubMed: 9323130 

Lallemand-Breitenbach V et al., PML nuclear bodies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2010)
PubMed: 20452955 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000661

Booth DG et al., Ki-67 and the Chromosome Periphery Compartment in Mitosis. Trends Cell Biol. (2017)
PubMed: 28838621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.08.001

Ljungberg O et al., A compound follicular-parafollicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a new tumor entity? Cancer. (1983)
PubMed: 6136320 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19830915)52:6<1053::aid-cncr2820520621>3.0.co;2-q

Melcák I et al., Nuclear pre-mRNA compartmentalization: trafficking of released transcripts to splicing factor reservoirs. Mol Biol Cell. (2000)
PubMed: 10679009 

Spector DL et al., Associations between distinct pre-mRNA splicing components and the cell nucleus. EMBO J. (1991)
PubMed: 1833187 

Misteli T et al., Protein phosphorylation and the nuclear organization of pre-mRNA splicing. Trends Cell Biol. (1997)
PubMed: 17708924 DOI: 10.1016/S0962-8924(96)20043-1

Cmarko D et al., Ultrastructural analysis of transcription and splicing in the cell nucleus after bromo-UTP microinjection. Mol Biol Cell. (1999)
PubMed: 9880337 

Van Hooser AA et al., The perichromosomal layer. Chromosoma. (2005)
PubMed: 16136320 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-005-0021-9

Booth DG et al., Ki-67 is a PP1-interacting protein that organises the mitotic chromosome periphery. Elife. (2014)
PubMed: 24867636 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.01641

Kau TR et al., Nuclear transport and cancer: from mechanism to intervention. Nat Rev Cancer. (2004)
PubMed: 14732865 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1274

Laurila K et al., Prediction of disease-related mutations affecting protein localization. BMC Genomics. (2009)
PubMed: 19309509 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-122

Park S et al., Protein localization as a principal feature of the etiology and comorbidity of genetic diseases. Mol Syst Biol. (2011)
PubMed: 21613983 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2011.29

Christoforou A et al., A draft map of the mouse pluripotent stem cell spatial proteome. Nat Commun. (2016)
PubMed: 26754106 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9992

Itzhak DN et al., Global, quantitative and dynamic mapping of protein subcellular localization. Elife. (2016)
PubMed: 27278775 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.16950

Roux KJ et al., A promiscuous biotin ligase fusion protein identifies proximal and interacting proteins in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol. (2012)
PubMed: 22412018 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112098

Lee SY et al., APEX Fingerprinting Reveals the Subcellular Localization of Proteins of Interest. Cell Rep. (2016)
PubMed: 27184847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.064

Huh WK et al., Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast. Nature. (2003)
PubMed: 14562095 DOI: 10.1038/nature02026

Simpson JC et al., Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing. EMBO Rep. (2000)
PubMed: 11256614 DOI: 10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058

Stadler C et al., Immunofluorescence and fluorescent-protein tagging show high correlation for protein localization in mammalian cells. Nat Methods. 2013 Apr;10(4):315-23 (2013)
PubMed: 23435261 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2377

Barbe L et al., Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics. (2008)
PubMed: 18029348 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M700325-MCP200

Stadler C et al., A single fixation protocol for proteome-wide immunofluorescence localization studies. J Proteomics. (2010)
PubMed: 19896565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.10.012

Fagerberg L et al., Mapping the subcellular protein distribution in three human cell lines. J Proteome Res. (2011)
PubMed: 21675716 DOI: 10.1021/pr200379a

Baker M., Reproducibility crisis: Blame it on the antibodies. Nature. (2015)
PubMed: 25993940 DOI: 10.1038/521274a

Jacobson K et al., The Lateral Organization and Mobility of Plasma Membrane Components. Cell. (2019)
PubMed: 31051105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.018

Kobayashi T et al., Transbilayer lipid asymmetry. Curr Biol. (2018)
PubMed: 29689220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.007

Krapf D., Compartmentalization of the plasma membrane. Curr Opin Cell Biol. (2018)
PubMed: 29656224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.04.002

Garcia MA et al., Cell-Cell Junctions Organize Structural and Signaling Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2018)
PubMed: 28600395 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029181

Orlando K et al., Membrane organization and dynamics in cell polarity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2009)
PubMed: 20066116 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001321

Eaton RC et al., D2 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus regulate genital responses and copulation in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (1991)
PubMed: 1833780 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90418-2

Simons K et al., Cholesterol, lipid rafts, and disease. J Clin Invest. (2002)
PubMed: 12208858 DOI: 10.1172/JCI16390 Alberts B et al, 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science.