Single cell type - CARS2 - The Human Protein Atlas

GENERAL INFORMATIONⁱ General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene nameⁱ Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.	CARS2
Gene descriptionⁱ Full gene name according to HGNC.	Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial
Protein classⁱ Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s). Read more	Disease related genes Enzymes Human disease related genes Potential drug targets
Predicted locationⁱ All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached. Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s). The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location. Read more	Intracellular
Number of transcriptsⁱ Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.	4

HUMAN PROTEIN ATLAS INFORMATIONⁱ Summary of RNA expression and protein localization based on data generated within the Human Protein Atlas project.
Single cell type expression clusterⁱ The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across single cell types. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity. Read more	Spermatids - Spermatogenesis (mainly)
Single cell type specificityⁱ The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed cell types based on scRNA-seq data from normal tissues. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected. Read more	Cell type enhanced (Late spermatids)
Immune cell specificityⁱ The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected. Read more	Low immune cell specificity
Immune cell distributionⁱ The RNA distribution category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: detected in all, detected in many, detected in some, detected in single and not detected. Read more	Detected in many
Cell line specificityⁱ RNA specificity category based on RNA sequencing data from all cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas. Genes are classified into six different categories (enriched, group enriched, enhanced, low specificity and not detected) according to their RNA expression levels across the panel of cell lines. Read more	Cell line enhanced (U-87 MG)
Cell line distributionⁱ RNA distribution category based on RNA sequencing data from all cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas. Genes are classified into five different categories (detected in all, detected in many, detected in some, detected in single and not detected) according to their pattern of detected RNA expression across the panel of cell lines. Read more	Detected in all
Protein evidenceⁱ Evidence score for genes based on UniProt protein existence (UniProt evidence); a Human Protein Atlas antibody- or RNA based score (HPA evidence); and evidence based on PeptideAtlas (MS evidence). The avaliable scores are evidence at protein level, evidence at transcript level, no evidence, or not avaliable. Read more	Evidence at protein level

SINGLE CELL TYPESⁱ A summary of single cell RNA (nTPM) from all single cell types. Color-coding is based on cell type groups, each consisting of cell types with functional features in common.
Single cell types Group Expression Alphabetical RNA single cell type specificity: Cell type enhanced (Late spermatids)

SINGLE CELL TISSUES OVERVIEWⁱ An overview of all tissues where single cell type expression has been analyzed. Each tissue name and corresponding UMAP plot is clickable and redirects to the selected tissue.
Adipose tissue Bone marrow Brain Breast Bronchus Colon Endometrium Esophagus Eye Heart muscle Kidney Liver Lung Lymph node Ovary Pancreas Placenta Prostate Rectum Skeletal muscle Skin Small intestine Spleen Stomach Testis

EXPRESSION CLUSTERING & CORRELATIONⁱ

CARS2 is part of cluster 25 Spermatids - Spermatogenesis with confidenceⁱ 1
458 genes in cluster

Go to interactive expression cluster page

15 nearest neighbours based on single cell type RNA expression

Neighbourⁱ Gene name according to HGNC.	Descriptionⁱ Gene description according to HGNC.	Correlationⁱ Correlation between the selected gene and neighboring gene. Correlation is calculated as Spearman correlation in PCA space based on the RNA-seq expression data. Read more	Clusterⁱ ID of the expression cluster of the neighboring gene. Read more
OPRL1	Opioid related nociceptin receptor 1	0.6657	25
C17orf50	Chromosome 17 open reading frame 50	0.6583	25
NT5C1B	5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IB	0.6569	25
DHX57	DExH-box helicase 57	0.6460	25
GPX5	Glutathione peroxidase 5	0.6457	25
ZDHHC19	Zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 19	0.6448	25
ETNK2	Ethanolamine kinase 2	0.6444	25
TBATA	Thymus, brain and testes associated	0.6440	25
C12orf54	Chromosome 12 open reading frame 54	0.6439	25
ACSBG2	Acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 2	0.6437	25
AZIN2	Antizyme inhibitor 2	0.6401	25
DDI1	DNA damage inducible 1 homolog 1	0.6399	25
KNCN	Kinocilin	0.6396	25
ETV2	ETS variant transcription factor 2	0.6394	25
SENP8	SUMO peptidase family member, NEDD8 specific	0.6392	25

SINGLE CELL TISSUESⁱ Single cell RNA levels of annotated cell type clusters are shown separately for each analyzed tissue. For easier navigation across tissues, use the above Single cell tissue overview, where each tissue name and UMAP plot is clickable and redirects to the selected tissue, alternatively the grey browser on the left side of the window. Barchart shows nTPM levels in each annotated cluster of single cells. To the left, a UMAP plot illustrates the RNA expression profile. The tissue name and plots are clickable and redirect to a more detailed interactive page. Color-coding is based on cell type groups, each consisting of cell types with functional features in common. Please note that the same cell type may be found in several clusters.
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Adipose tissue
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Bone marrow
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Brain
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Breast
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Bronchus
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Colon
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Endometrium
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Esophagus
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Eye
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Heart muscle
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Kidney
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Liver
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Lung
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Lymph node
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Ovary
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Pancreas
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Placenta
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Prostate
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Rectum
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Skeletal muscle
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Skin
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Small intestine
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Spleen
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Stomach
Cluster Expression Alphabetical Testis

BLOODⁱ

Single cell data

Cluster

Expression

Alphabetical

PBMC

Flow sorted data

Lineage

Expression

Alphabetical

CELL LINESⁱ

Organ

Expression

Alphabetical

Adipocytes	18.2 nTPM
Breast	22.6 nTPM
Adipose tissue	13.7 nTPM

Alveolar cells type 1	9.6 nTPM
Lung	9.6 nTPM

Alveolar cells type 2	15.9 nTPM
Lung	15.9 nTPM

Astrocytes	24.5 nTPM
Brain	24.5 nTPM

B-cells	24.4 nTPM
Breast	30.7 nTPM
Kidney	28.5 nTPM
PBMC	28.5 nTPM
Adipose tissue	28.5 nTPM
Lymph node	28.4 nTPM
Liver	27.8 nTPM
Bone marrow	22.1 nTPM
Stomach	18.2 nTPM
Spleen	16.9 nTPM
Colon	14.4 nTPM

Dendritic cells	28.2 nTPM
Breast	34.2 nTPM
PBMC	31.8 nTPM
Adipose tissue	18.4 nTPM

Endothelial cells	13.6 nTPM
Heart muscle	20.6 nTPM
Eye	18.6 nTPM
Placenta	18.2 nTPM
Endometrium	17.4 nTPM
Breast	17.2 nTPM
Esophagus	16.4 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	14.7 nTPM
Ovary	14.1 nTPM
Prostate	12.5 nTPM
Testis	11.9 nTPM
Liver	10.1 nTPM
Skin	8.3 nTPM
Pancreas	7.7 nTPM
Lung	3.1 nTPM

Fibroblasts	21.6 nTPM
Ovary	46.7 nTPM
Breast	28.1 nTPM
Heart muscle	23.4 nTPM
Esophagus	22.5 nTPM
Adipose tissue	22.2 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	21.8 nTPM
Placenta	17.8 nTPM
Stomach	17.8 nTPM
Skin	14.0 nTPM
Prostate	13.7 nTPM
Lung	10.1 nTPM

Intestinal goblet cells	17.7 nTPM
Rectum	20.5 nTPM
Colon	17.9 nTPM
Small intestine	14.7 nTPM

Macrophages	32.8 nTPM
Kidney	56.0 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	50.0 nTPM
Stomach	46.9 nTPM
Spleen	40.4 nTPM
Ovary	40.3 nTPM
Pancreas	38.3 nTPM
Lung	38.1 nTPM
Breast	32.0 nTPM
Endometrium	28.0 nTPM
Bone marrow	27.5 nTPM
Prostate	25.3 nTPM
Adipose tissue	24.4 nTPM
Esophagus	18.9 nTPM
PBMC	13.6 nTPM
Testis	12.8 nTPM

Paneth cells	10.8 nTPM
Rectum	18.4 nTPM
Small intestine	7.5 nTPM
Colon	6.5 nTPM

Plasma cells	18.6 nTPM
Bone marrow	24.7 nTPM
Spleen	24.5 nTPM
Adipose tissue	17.4 nTPM
Stomach	14.2 nTPM
Esophagus	12.3 nTPM

Respiratory ciliated cells	10.6 nTPM
Bronchus	18.2 nTPM
Lung	2.9 nTPM

Smooth muscle cells	24.7 nTPM
Ovary	47.9 nTPM
Pancreas	33.7 nTPM
Breast	33.7 nTPM
Esophagus	27.9 nTPM
Heart muscle	25.3 nTPM
Endometrium	24.3 nTPM
Adipose tissue	21.8 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	21.2 nTPM
Prostate	20.9 nTPM
Skin	11.2 nTPM
Bronchus	3.8 nTPM

T-cells	19.8 nTPM
Ovary	46.7 nTPM
Breast	35.2 nTPM
Kidney	30.2 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	23.6 nTPM
PBMC	21.9 nTPM
Lymph node	20.5 nTPM
Endometrium	19.4 nTPM
Adipose tissue	18.0 nTPM
Liver	17.4 nTPM
Stomach	16.0 nTPM
Bone marrow	14.6 nTPM
Prostate	14.2 nTPM
Lung	13.6 nTPM
Spleen	13.5 nTPM
Esophagus	13.1 nTPM
Skin	9.7 nTPM
Colon	9.5 nTPM

Basal keratinocytes	12.9 nTPM
Skin	12.9 nTPM

Basal prostatic cells	24.2 nTPM
Prostate	24.2 nTPM

Basal respiratory cells	10.3 nTPM
Bronchus	10.3 nTPM

Basal squamous epithelial cells	8.6 nTPM
Esophagus	8.6 nTPM

Undifferentiated cells	28.5 nTPM
Colon	36.8 nTPM
Small intestine	25.4 nTPM
Rectum	23.3 nTPM

Adipose tissue

Bone marrow

Brain

Breast

Bronchus

Colon

Endometrium

Esophagus

Eye

Heart muscle

Kidney

Liver

Lung

Lymph node

Ovary

Pancreas

Placenta

Prostate

Rectum

Skeletal muscle

Skin

Small intestine

Spleen

Stomach

Testis

PBMC