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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Human gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the consensus dataset which is calculated from the RNA expression levels in samples from HPA and GTEX. The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, low tissue specificity and not detected.
The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. All brain expression profiles are based on data from HPA. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category.
The regional distribution category is based on mRNA expression detected above cut off or not in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. Brain expression for all species is based on data from HPA. The distribution categories include: detected in all, detected in many, detected in some, detected in single and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue distribution category.
A summary of the overall protein localization across the analyzed brain tissue. The summary is based on manual annotation.
Mouse brain profiles includes a more extensive summary of the protein location while summaries with only human protein profile are more limited and are based on imported data/images from the Tissue Atlas stainings that has undergone an additional brain-centric curation step.
General and strong glial immunostaining throughout the entire brain with the same intensity.
It resembles for microglia, based on morphology, however, according to literature data (Saari JC, 1997, PMID: 9383035), this antigen localizes in oligodendrocytes. Also, according to 'brainseq.org', in mouse brain, this gene product is expressed by oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
Further double-labelling studies are needed to clearly discriminate oligodendrocyte precursor cells and resting microglial cells.
Normalized RNA expression levels (nTPM) shown for the 13 brain regions. Color coding is based on brain region and the bar shows the highest expression among the subregions included. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
GTEx dataset RNA-seq tissue data generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project is reported as mean nTPM, corresponding to mean values of the different individual samples for respective subregion. Highest expression among the subregions represents the brain region. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
FANTOM5 dataset Tissue data for RNA expression obtained through Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) generated by the FANTOM5 project are reported as Scaled Tags Per Million. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
HPA Pig dataset HPA RNA-seq tissue data is reported as mean nTPM (normalized expression) for each of the brain regions analyzed in pig. The detailed pages (reached when clicking a bar or regional name) show nTPM values at the individual sample level. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
The pig brain transcriptomics project is a collaborative project between human protein atlas and the Lars Bolund institute of regenerative Medicine (Dr. Yonglun Luo), BGI-Qingdao, China.
HPA Mouse dataset HPA RNA-seq tissue data is reported as mean nTPM (normalized expression) for each of the brain regions analyzed in mouse. The detailed pages (reached when clicking a bar or regional name) show nTPM values at the individual sample level. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
The Human brain protein data is based on curated and manually selected Tissue Atlas data. The standard brain regions used in the Tissue Atlas are cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum, only selected cases include information on hypothalamus or retina. The score is based on knowledge-based annotation of the protein location in the main cell types. For genes where more than one antibody has been used, a collective score is set displaying the estimated true protein expression.
Each bar represents the highest expression score found in a particular tissue. Protein expression scores are based on a best estimate of the "true" protein expression from a knowledge-based annotation, described more in detail under Assays & annotation. For genes where more than one antibody has been used, a collective score is set displaying the estimated true protein expression.
Mouse brain protein profiles are based in serial sections of the adult mouse brain analyzed by immunofluorescence. The staining intensity and regional distribution is manually summarized.
General and strong glial immunostaining throughout the entire brain with the same intensity.
It resembles for microglia, based on morphology, however, according to literature data (Saari JC, 1997, PMID: 9383035), this antigen localizes in oligodendrocytes. Also, according to 'brainseq.org', in mouse brain, this gene product is expressed by oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
Further double-labelling studies are needed to clearly discriminate oligodendrocyte precursor cells and resting microglial cells.
Cellular location
Soma in microglia.
Protein profile reliability
Enhanced based on HPA042051
HPA Mouse staining intesityi
The score is based on the relative fluorescence, defined as intensity of the annotated region relative to the intensity of the region with highest intensity. The digitalized images are processed (axel-adjusted and tissue edges defined) and regions of interest (ROIs) are then marked. These ROIs are then used for image analysis and the relative fluorescence intensity is listed for each region. For more data and regional information click on the bar or the regional name.
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The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
